Vanadium (added in amounts between 0.1 and 5.0 percent) has two effects upon steel: it refines the grain of the steel matrix, and with the carbon present it forms carbides. Because the major commercial use of vanadium is in steel and cast iron, to which it lends ductility and shock resistance, most of the vanadium produced is used with iron as ferrovanadium (about 85 percent vanadium) in making vanadium steels. Vanadium metal, sheet, strip, foil, bar, wire, and tubing have found use in high-temperature service, in the chemical industry, and in bonding other metals. The preparation of very pure vanadium is difficult because the metal is quite reactive toward oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon at elevated temperatures. The pentoxide is then reduced to ferrovanadium or vanadium powder. Vanadium is obtained from ores as vanadium pentoxide (V 2O 5) through a variety of smelting, leaching, and roasting processes. China, South Africa, and Russia were the leading producers of vanadium in the early 21st century. (Deposits of the important vanadium-bearing mineral patronite occurring in coal at Mina Ragra, Peru, have been materially depleted.) Other commercial sources are vanadium-bearing magnetite and flue dust from smokestacks and boilers of ships burning certain Venezuelan and Mexican oils. Some commercial sources are the minerals carnotite, vanadinite, and roscoelite. How well do you know their symbols? In this quiz you’ll be shown all 118 chemical symbols, and you’ll need to choose the name of the chemical element that each one represents.įound combined in various minerals, coal, and petroleum, vanadium is the 22nd most abundant element in Earth’s crust.
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